Here is some example code that causes some issues for me:
Browsers resize the image to fit inside the red box (because of `max-width: 100%`), but with Prince the image overflows that outer div. Removing `display:block` from the image prevents the overflow but also seems to make the image disappear entirely.
<div style="width: 50px; border: 1px solid red;">
<div style="display: flex;">
<div>
<img src="https://www.princexml.com/images/Prince-logo-footer.png" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block;" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
Browsers resize the image to fit inside the red box (because of `max-width: 100%`), but with Prince the image overflows that outer div. Removing `display:block` from the image prevents the overflow but also seems to make the image disappear entirely.