I have formatted my html/css to produce the expected formatting on my localhost in a windows environment. However, when deployed in my Linux production environment, it doesn't seem to use all settings in my css as far as table and image widths go. Is there anything specific that affects on Linux environment when executing the Prince software?

No, CSS should be interpreted the same way, but fonts can differ and you can check the output log to see if there are any error or warning messages caused by missing style sheets or incorrect paths.